Syntax (cardbox)

47 Karteikarten

• 1
  What is syntax?

  - The study of the patterns of words in a sentence or ...
• 2
  Constituents?

  - "phrases" - Parts that _act similarly_ in different ...
• 3
  How to test for constituency?

  Constituents ... - can be replaced by a single word - can ...
• 4
  Syntactic categories

  = Phrase types - Noun phrases ("the cat, the big box") - ...
• 5
  Phrase structure effects

  - Speech pauses tend to occur at phrase junctures. - ...
• 6
  Mother

  A parent node in a phrase marker is called mother.
• 7
  Daughter

  A child node in a phrase marker is called daughter.
• 8
  Sister

  A child node in a phrase marker is called sister if there ...
• 9
  Domination

  - Relation between a mother and a daughter (in a phrase ...
• 10
  A c-commands B

  - The node that immediately dominates A also dominates B - ...
• 11
  Grammatical sentences

  - have grammatical constituents - put together in ...
• 12
  N vs N'

  - N': Syntactic category, a nominal - N: Lexical category ...
• 13
  Weak vs. strong generative capacity of a phrase structure ...

  - Weak generative capacity => "observational adequacy": ...
• 14
  Syntactic ambiguity

  Different structures (for the same ordered sequence of ...
• 15
  Complement clause

  A PS-constituent which contains a "sentence" as a ...
• 16
  Subcategorization

  - Making multiple different PS-constituents of one ...
• 17
  Agreement

  - Grammatical features of noun and verb must "agree" - In ...
• 18
  How is agreement in number _and_ person represented?

  - Complex features - E.g. NP [num: α, pers: β] -> ...
• 19
  What does this rule mean: VP -> V_(_NP) NP [case: Acc]

  - The verb phrase consists of a transitive verb and a noun ...
• 20
  How could a NP->(det)(Adj)N rule with case, gender, num ...

  NP[num: α, gender: β, num: γ] => (Det[num: α, gender: ...
• 21
  Thematic vs. modificational meaning

  - Thematic meaning: Who did what to whom ("Stephen insulted ...
• 22
  Example for a simple phrase structure grammar

  S -> NP VP NP -> (Det) (Adj) N VP -> V (NP) - on the left: ...
• 23
  Thematic roles

  - Subject NP (= NP sister of VP) is *Agent* (the causer or ...
• 24
  Arguments

  - Thematic roles (who did what to whom) - Obligatory - Type ...
• 25
  Complements

  - Internal arguments - All arguments except subject in ...
• 26
  Modifiers

  - Theoretically infinitely many - Optional - E.g. PP, Adv - ...
• 27
  How to test whether something is a modifier?

  - Split it up. - Example: "John hit the dog with a stick" ...
• 28
  Why non-branching nodes?

  - Modifiers like PP are sisters of a phrasal category - VP ...
• 29
  Genitive NP

  Det -> NP's
• 30
  Head

  - Determines the number of required complements (e.g. ...
• 31
  Specifiers

  - Sisters of a phrasal category - Arguments of the head - ...
• 32
  Problems of PS grammar

  - Subcategorization: "It was Mary who Stefan insulted" -> ...
• 33
  Transformational grammar

  - Provides two levels of syntax: - *Deep structure*: Meets ...
• 34
  How do transformations work?

  - re-arrange phrase markers - operate on constituents - ...
• 35
  How are transformations specified?

  - structural description (SD) - structural change (SC)
• 36
  Examples of transformations

  - Passive transformation (relates active and passive ...
• 37
  Traces

  - Preserve dependency relations within phrase markers. - ...
• 38
  Limits of phrase structure rules for wh-questions

  Phrase structure rules cannot treat unbounded dependencies ...
• 39
  Constraints on the movement of wh-phrases

  "Island" constraints: Constituents that block the wh-word ...
• 40
  Wanna contraction: Surface or deep structure?

  Deep structure, since it is sensitive to the location of ...
• 41
  Problems of tranformational grammar

  - Learnability: transformations can be shown to be very ...
• 42
  Modern syntax

  - Principles and parameters model - Lexical functional ...
• 43
  Rating of grammars

  - Observational adequacy: The grammar can enumerate the ...
• 44
  X-Bar Theory

  All phrase structure rules have the following form: - XP ...
• 45
  Head position, specifier position

  - heads 1st, specifiers 1st (English) - heads 1st, ...
• 46
  Transformation of embedded clause to main clause: Two steps

  # Verb movement: Final verbal element to 2nd position # ...
• 47
  Transformation for wh-questions: Three steps

  # Generate q-pronoun in appropriate position # Move it to ...